Primer coatings for inkjet and liquid electrophotographic printing

ABSTRACT

Aqueous primer compositions suitable for electrophotographic printing and inkjet printing are frequently incompatible with one another, such that coated substrates for each printing technique need to be stockpiled separately. Aqueous primer compositions containing components to facilitate both electrophotographic printing and inkjet printing and that remain compatible with each other may comprise a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid, and an amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid, in which the amine-functionalized copolymer has an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C. Suitable amine-functionalized copolymers may be formed by an emulsion polymerization reaction of one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group.

BACKGROUND

On-demand digital printing machines based on liquid electrophotographic systems are widely used in modern laser printing and copy machine systems. Electrophotographic systems form a latent image on a photosensitive drum, and a liquid toner is then applied to the latent image on the drum to form a physical image for subsequent transfer. HP ELECTROINK, an ethylene/acrylic copolymer composition, is one example of a liquid toner system in common use. Following toner exposure, the image is then electrically transferred onto an intermediate transfer blanket or belt for printing to a fibrous substrate, such as paper or a polymeric film substrate. Although a high image quality may be achieved with liquid electrophotographic printing, the transferred images usually do not adhere well to the fibrous substrate unless the substrate has been previously treated with a suitable primer coating. The primer coating is usually chosen to include functional groups suitable for promoting chemical interactions with complementary organic functional groups in the toner to facilitate strong chemical adhesion of the toner to the surface of the substrate. Proper substrate adhesion is also an important element of a primer coating.

Toner adhesion failure during liquid electrophotographic printing may occur for any number of reasons. In one instance, incomplete fusion of toner particles upon the surface of the substrate may lead to poor adhesion. Even more commonly, the toner particles within the transferred image may interact only weakly with the substrate or a primer coating thereon, thereby resulting in poor surface adhesion. If there are limited chemical interactions between the toner particles and a primer coating, the toner adhesion may be poor. Accordingly, the functional groups present within a primer coating may be chosen to promote strong chemical interactions such as, for example, hydrogen bonding or salt bridge formation, with complementary functional groups within the toner. Functional groups such as carboxylates, amines, and alcohols may be particularly suitable in this regard, since these types of functional groups may both donate and receive hydrogen bonds. If the primer coating is overly hydrophilic due to the presence of excessive functional groups capable of donating or receiving hydrogen bonds, the primer coating may have poor resistance to water. In addition to their poor water resistance, some polymers having an excessive amount of amine functional groups may be mildly corrosive and/or subject to discoloration (particularly yellowing) over time, thereby limiting their applicability in spite of providing good toner adhesion in many cases.

Inkjet printing is another commonly used technique for image formation upon a substrate. Inkjet printing technology features propulsion of ink droplets onto a substrate in precise deposition locations to form an image, which may have exceedingly complex patterns. Like liquid electrophotographic printing, primer coatings adapted for promoting ink adhesion to a substrate are commonly employed during inkjet printing. Without a primer coating being employed, poor ink adhesion, image bleed, and color irregularities upon the substrate may be commonly observed.

Substrates may be obtained with a precoated primer coating adapted for use in either liquid electrophotographic printing or inkjet printing. Unfortunately, the primer coatings suitable for promoting image adhesion in liquid electrophotographic printing are usually not suitable for facilitating inkjet adhesion and print quality, and vice versa, given the vastly different properties of inkjet inks and liquid electrophotographic toners. As such, manufacturers must maintain separate product lines for providing precoated substrates adapted for each type of printing technique, since there is no universally applicable primer coating currently available. The need for separate product lines may drive up costs for consumers and create inventory management issues for those printing with both printing techniques. In many instances, it is not currently possible to deposit a primer coating adapted for both printing techniques, since currently employed primer compositions for each printing technique do not form a stable emulsion once mixed together and/or unfavorable interactions between active components may occur upon a substrate surface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure generally relates to primer compositions suitable for both inkjet printing and liquid electrophotographic printing and, more specifically, to primer compositions and primer-coated substrates featuring a polyvalent metal salt and a polymer having a specified amine content and methods for production thereof.

As discussed above, liquid electrophotographic printing and inkjet printing are very powerful image forming techniques. Transfer of electrophotographic images onto certain substrates may be problematic due to poor image adhesion to the surface of the substrate. Primer coatings may be employed to improve electrophotographic image adhesion to a substrate, but some primer coatings may exhibit limited water resistance or undergo discoloration over time, thereby limiting their practical use. Primer coatings may similarly be utilized during inkjet printing to promote image adhesion and limit color bleed and color irregularities upon a substrate surface. Unfortunately, significantly different types of primer coatings are usually employed for inkjet printing and liquid electrophotographic printing, and primer coatings suitable for each type of printing technique are often incompatible with each other.

The present disclosure describes primer compositions that may be employed to form primer coatings upon various substrates, including polymeric and paper substrates. The primer compositions disclosed herein feature a polyvalent metal salt, such as calcium acetate and other metal carboxylates, to promote inkjet adhesion and an amine-functionalized copolymer having a sufficient number of amine groups upon side chains to promote toner adhesion during liquid electrophotographic printing, particularly HP ELECTROINK toner, while limiting the amount of amine groups at or below a loading where coating robustness (due to excessive water solubility) or discoloration becomes problematic over time. In particular, the primer compositions disclosed herein feature an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer. The amine-functionalized copolymer may be a copolymer of two or more ethyleneically unsaturated monomers, wherein the ethylenic unsaturation may undergo polymerization to produce a saturated polymer backbone derived from each monomer and at least one of the monomers bears an amine-containing side chain. Amine number may be calculated or determined experimentally, as specified below,

Surprisingly, unlike many inkjet primer compositions and liquid electrophotographic primer compositions, a polyvalent metal salt suitable for facilitating inkjet printing and an amine-containing polymer suitable for facilitating liquid electrophotographic printing are capable of forming a sufficiently stable emulsion for substrate deposition. The components of the differing primer compositions also remain compatible with each other once deposited upon a substrate, thereby rendering a single coated substrate “universally” suitable for use in either type of printing process. In particular, the primer compositions disclosed herein may facilitate deposition of electrophotographic printing toners and aqueous inkjet inks, examples of which will be familiar to one having ordinary skill in the art.

In the disclosure herein, “amine number” may be determined by taking the weight fraction of amine-containing monomer in the amine-functionalized copolymer, dividing by the molecular weight of the amine-containing monomer, multiplying by the molecular weight of KOH, and finally multiplying the result by 1000. The empirical amine number also may be verified experimentally by conducting a potentiometric titration, for example, In calculating the amine number, the weight fraction of amine-containing monomer may be revised for calculational purposes if not all of the amines are present as free amines. As used herein, “free amines,” but not amine salts, contribute to the “amine number.” The term “free amines” refers to any primary, secondary or tertiary amine in which an unbonded lone pair of electrons is present, such that the amine is not protonated or quaternized and bears a positive charge. That is, a “free amine” maintains its basicity. It is to be appreciated that protonated, quaternized, and/or similarly functionalized amine groups may be present in the primer compositions disclosed herein in addition to free amines, provided that the amount of free amines remains sufficient to place the amine number in the foregoing range, Amine protonation may arise from an externally added acid and/or from the presence of olefinically unsaturated monomers bearing an acidic side chain, as discussed further below. The effect of an acid or quaternizing group in lowering the amine number may similarly be determined by calculating the number of moles of acid or quaternizing group present, subtracting from the number of moles of amine-containing monomer present, and then calculating the amine number as above. Amine derivatives, such as amides, that are no longer basic likewise do not contribute to the amine number in the disclosure herein.

As a non-limiting example, an amine number of about 10 mg KOH/g polymer to about 180 mg KOH/g polymer corresponds to a loading of about 3 wt. % to about 52 wt. % for an amine-functionalized copolymer bearing the amine-containing monomer dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, provided that none of the amine groups are protonated (e.g., from externally added acid and/or monomers bearing an acidic side chain). In the absence of monomers bearing an acidic side chain and/or functionalization that eliminates basicity of an amine group, there may be a direct correlation between the amine number and the weight percentage of amine-containing monomer present, provided that the pH is sufficiently high for the amine groups to remain substantially deprotonated. If a portion of the amine groups are protonated in aqueous phase having a pH of less than 7, the amine number may be lowered accordingly.

Monomers bearing an acidic side chain, such as a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid, may be present in the amine-functionalized copolymers, provided that the amount of such acidic monomers is sufficiently small that the amine number remains in the foregoing range such that a sufficiently small number of amine groups are internally protonated by the acidic groups). If the amount of acidic monomers is too large for the number of amine groups present, the amine number may decrease to such an extent that poor toner adhesion to the primer coating occurs. It may be desirable to incorporate a limited amount of carboxylic acid groups in the amine-functionalized copolymers to promote adhesion of the primer coating itself to particular types of substrates, such as paper substrates, for example. Carboxylic acid groups may also improve compatibility with additives conventionally used in the printing industry. By the same token, it may be desirable to limit the overall number of amine groups in the amine-functionalized copolymers to avoid discoloration and excessive hydrophilicity. Thus, striking a balance between substrate adhesion and toner adhesion may be accomplished through judicious consideration of how a suitable amine number is achieved, as provided in the disclosure herein.

In addition to affording compatibility between vastly different primer chemistries, the primer compositions disclosed herein may offer several advantages compared to those containing polyethyleneimine, which has been used previously within primer coatings to promote toner adhesion, including for HP INDIGO toner, during liquid electrophotographic printing. The amine-functionalized copolymers disclosed herein may be formulated such that they have considerably fewer amine groups than does polyethyleneimine, thereby decreasing susceptibility of the primer coating toward water degradation and/or discoloration over time. Otherwise, there is considerable structural tolerance in the amine-functionalized copolymers disclosed herein, provided that the amine number remains within the foregoing range.

With respect to inkjet printing, the primer compositions disclosed herein may be advantageous, since a polyvalent metal salt has been found to facilitate inkjet printing quality and robustness. Even more advantageously and surprisingly, a polyvalent metal salt and an amine-containing copolymer of the present disclosure may be combined to form an emulsion that remains sufficiently stable for application to a substrate. Once the primer compositions of the present disclosure have been deposited upon a substrate to form a primer coating, the substrate may be receptive to image formation through both inkjet and liquid electrophotographic printing techniques. Thus, for a given type of substrate (e.g., paper, polymer, or the like), the present disclosure may beneficially alleviate the need to manufacturing and sourcing multiple primer coating types for a given substrate. A substrate coated with a “universal primer coating” in accordance with the disclosure herein therefore may offer benefits for both substrate manufacturers and consumers employing different types of printing equipment. As a further advantage, the primer coatings disclosed herein may be deposited upon various pre-coatings upon the substrate and still maintain their ability to facilitate both types of printing processes. That is, the primer coatings of the present disclosure may be deposited directly upon a substrate or upon a pre-coating located upon a substrate (indirectly).

The primer compositions described herein may be easily prepared by emulsion polymerization techniques through combining one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group with one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising at least one amine group. A single monomer of each type or multiple monomers of each type may undergo polymerization in the disclosure herein. The ratio (molar or weight ratio) between the first ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) and the second ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) may be easily varied to tailor the amine number and/or hydrophobicity of the resulting copolymer in the primer compositions, as non-limiting examples, The presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers in the copolymer may aid in promoting toner adhesion and chemical resistance, in a non-limiting example. Although polymerization techniques other than emulsion polymerization may be used to prepare the copolymers of the present disclosure, as-produced copolymer emulsions may be advantageous, since they may be directly deposited to form a primer coating upon a desired substrate, optionally after combining a polyvalent metal salt for facilitating inkjet printing, The copolymer emulsions are also compatible with various types of starches for promoting deposition of primer coatings upon paper substrates, as a non-limiting example.

Primer compositions comprising an amine-functionalized copolymer of the present disclosure may demonstrate very limited adhesion variability between different colors of HP INDIGO toners, in contrast to many other types of primer compositions presently available, Namely, primer coatings of the present disclosure may afford comparable adhesion between black toners and colored toners. With other types of primer coatings for liquid electrophotographic printing, it may be difficult to pass a tape pull test with both types of toner,

Once an emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer has been formed, a polyvalent metal salt and other optional components may be combined therewith to form a primer composition of the present disclosure. Optionally, the polyvalent metal salt may be present in a separate aqueous medium, in either a dissolved state or a suspended state, that is combined with the emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer. Further optionally, the polyvalent metal salt may be present when forming the emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer. In any case, a primer composition with sufficient emulsion stability and suitability for use in both inkjet printing and liquid electrophotographic printing may be realized,

The primer compositions described herein and primer coatings formed therefrom may be particularly effective for promoting adhesion of HP INDIGO toners during liquid electrophotographic printing and for facilitating inkjet printing quality, particularly when employing aqueous inkjet inks. Namely, toner adhesion may be facilitated by an amine-functionalized copolymer, as specified further herein, and inkjet printing quality may be enhanced with a polyvalent metal salt, such as a metal carboxylate (e.g., calcium acetate). The active components for facilitating each type of printing do not substantially interfere with each other, such that both types of printing may be facilitated with a single primer-coated substrate, as specified herein. Adhesion during electrophotographic printing may be assayed relatively using a tape pull test, such as that specified in ASTM F2252/F2252M and described further herein in modified form. Inkjet printing quality may be assayed qualitatively using a loop magnifier and categorizing variables such as, for example, bleed, coalescence, and gamut. Gamut refers to the vividness of color that is obtained in an inkjet image. Optionally, print images may be captured electronically before undergoing further visual or electronic analysis.

Accordingly, aqueous primer compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid, and an emulsion-polymerized amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid. The amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, such that the at least one amine group comprises a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer. The amine-functionalized copolymer further has an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 30 to about 160 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 50 to about 60 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 60 to about 80 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 80 to about 100 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 100 to about 115 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 115 to about 130 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 130 to about 150 mg KOH/g copolymer. Other examples of such amine-functionalized copolymers may have an amine number of about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer. The amine-functionalized copolymer may have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about 0° C. to about 50° C., as measured under conditions specified herein. The amine number range represents a compromise between providing particularly effective toner and substrate adhesion during liquid electrophotographic printing at the low end of the range while not providing an overly hydrophilic amine-functionalized copolymer at the high end of the range (i.e., trending toward excessive water solubility).

Glass transition temperatures (T_(a)) may be determined via differential scanning calorimetry using a DSC 3+ instrument (Mettler Toledo) and employing a scanning cycle consisting of an initial cooling to −60° C. at a 20° C./min ramp, a stabilizing period of 5 minutes at this temperature, heating at a ramp of 20° C./min up to a temperature of 120° C./min, and a second stabilizing period of 5 minutes at this temperature.

As used herein, the term “dispersed” refers to a state of being dissolved, suspended, or emulsified.

The polyvalent metal salt may be dissolved in the aqueous fluid or suspended in the aqueous fluid comprising the primer compositions.

The amine-functionalized copolymer may be dissolved in the aqueous fluid or dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid. Emulsions prepared in essentially organic media (e.g., water-in-oil emulsions) also reside within the scope of the present disclosure. Advantageously, the amine-functionalized copolymers may be readily prepared using emulsion polymerization, discussed in further detail below, to form primer compositions suitable for liquid electrophotographic printing directly as an emulsion polymerization reaction mixture. Other polymerization techniques suitable for use in the disclosure herein include, for example, bulk polymerization or solution polymerization. In any polymerization technique, polymerization may be initiated with a suitable radical initiator, illustrative examples of which are provided hereinbelow. If using a polymerization technique other than emulsion polymerization, emulsification of the amine-functionalized copolymer may take place after polymerization is complete and before formulating the aqueous primer compositions disclosed herein.

Once an emulsion comprising a suitable amine-functionalized copolymer has been formed, a polyvalent metal salt may be introduced thereto. The polyvalent metal salt may be present in an aqueous medium, in either a dissolved state or a suspended state, that is combined with the emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer, or the polyvalent metal salt may be combined as a solid with the emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer, followed by blending to produce a primer composition of the present disclosure. Further alternately, the polyvalent metal salt may be present when forming the emulsion comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer.

Aqueous fluids suitable for use in the present disclosure may comprise water or water admixed with a water-miscible organic solvent, such as an alcohol or glycol.

In some embodiments, the aqueous fluid in the present disclosure may have a non-acidic pH in order to maintain the amine number of the amine-functionalized copolymers within the foregoing ranges. That is, in some embodiments, the aqueous fluid may have a pH of about 7 or greater in the present disclosure. In more particular examples, the aqueous fluid may have a pH ranging from about 7 to about 10, or about 7.5 to about 10, or about 8 to about 10, or about 8.5 to about 10, or about 9 to about 10, or about 9.5 to about 10, or about 7.5 to about 9.5, or about 7.5 to about 9, or about 7.5 to about 8.5, or about 7.5 to about 8, or about 8 to about 9.5, or about 8 to about 9, or about 8 to about 8.5, or about 8.5 to about 9.5, or about 8.5 to about 9. At the foregoing pH values, the amine groups in the amine-functionalized copolymer may be fully deprotonated and each contribute to the amine number. In other embodiments, suitable pH values may be slightly acidic to slightly basic such as pH values ranging from about 5.5 to about 7.5, or about 5.5 to about 6, or about 6 to about 6.5, or about 6.5 to about 7, or about 7 to about 7.5, or about 6.5 to about 7.5. The pH values in the present disclosure may be measured at room temperature with a glass electrode employing a 1 M KCl electrolyte solution, calibrated using pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10 standards prior to use. A SENSION+ PH3 instrument from Hach was used,

At pH values below 7, a portion of the amine groups may be protonated and decrease the amine number below that theoretically possible based on the total number of amine groups present. Provided that the amine number remains within the ranges specified above, pH values below 7 may be tolerable in the disclosure herein, As also specified below, ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing an acidic group may also be present in limited amounts and similarly decrease the amine number below that theoretically possible based on the total number of amine groups present in the ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing the at least one amine group,

Ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising at least one amine group may suitably comprise any one or more of a primary amine, a second amine or a tertiary amine, The at least one amine group may be appended to the ethylenically unsaturated monomers in a manner such that the at least one amine becomes incorporated as a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer once copolymerization with the ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) lacking an amine group has taken place. Particular examples of ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising at least one amine group that may be suitable for use in the disclosure herein include, for example, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(diethylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-(ethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(ethylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-(methylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(methylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(tert-butylamino)propyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-(methylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, 3-(methylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-(ethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, 3-(ethylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, 3-(tert-butylamino)propyl methacrylamide, vinyl amine, allyl amine, and any combination thereof. The corresponding acylamide-based monomers may also be suitable in certain circumstances, particularly 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate. Thus, in any embodiment of the present disclosure, the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group may comprise an acrylamide or methacrylamide monomer bearing at least one amine group. In particular examples, all of the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers may be acrylate or methacrylate monomers bearing an amine group.

Suitable examples of ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group are not considered to be particularly limited. Particular examples may include, for example, esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, such as n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, cycloalkyl (meth)acrylates such as isobornyl (meth)acrylate and cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate; styrene or substituted variants thereof; dienes such as 1,3-butadiene or isoprene; vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate, vinyl alkanoates or their derivatives; nitriles, such as (meth)acrylonitrile; acrylamides or methacrylamides; olefinically unsaturated halides, such as vinyl chloride; alpha olefins; or any combination thereof. Still other examples of suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group that may be present in the amine-functionalized copolymers include, for example, hydroxy-functionalized monomers such as hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate or hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N-methylol (meth)acrylamide and diacetone acrylamide; polyvinyl monomers, such as allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, and various alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylatyes.

When present, suitable alpha olefins that may be incorporated in the amine-functionalized copolymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, or combinations thereof. Linear alpha olefins having an even number of carbon atoms may be particularly suitable due to their ready commercial availability.

Particularly suitable examples of amine-functionalized copolymers may contain about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the olefinically unsaturated monomers comprising at least one amine group. In more specific examples, about 5 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, or about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, or about 10 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, or about 25 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the olefinicially unsaturated monomers comprising at least one amine group may be present.

Still more specific examples of suitable amine-functionalized copolymers may comprise about 60 wt. % to about 100 wt. % acrylate or methacrylate monomers, and about 40 wt. % or less ethylenically unsaturated monomers that are not an acrylate or methacylate monomer. Some amine-functionalized copolymers of the present disclosure may comprise all acrylate or methacrylate monomers, in which case a first portion of the acrylate or methacrylate monomers may contain at least one amine group and a second portion of the acrylate or methacrylate monomers may lack an amine group. Optionally, a third portion of acrylate or methacrylate monomers may bear a side chain carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid in amine-functionalized copolymers comprising all acrylate or methacrylate monomers, as specified below.

As mentioned above, the amine-functionalized copolymers may further comprise at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid, provided that the amount of such acid-containing monomer units leaves the amine number in a range disclosed above. Suitable acid-containing monomers, when present, include ethylenic unsaturation and are copolymerizable with the first and second ethylenically unsaturated monomers discussed previously. Illustrative examples may include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, methyl hydrogen maleate, ethyl hydrogen maleate, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid and citraconic acid. Suitable monomers containing a sulfonic acid group may include, for example, styrenesulfonic acid or 2-aminomethylpropanesulfonic acid derivatized with a vinyl group. It is to be appreciated that hydrolysable monomers may be used in a similar manner to introduce a side-chain carboxylic acid group into the amine-functionalized copolymers. Suitable hydrolysable monomers may include, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, methyl fumarate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylamide, methacrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, and the like. It is also to be appreciated that carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid functionalization of the polymer may take place through a synthetic transformation of a polymer side chain following polymerization, if desired or synthetically feasible.

When present, acid-containing monomers bearing ethylenic unsaturation may be present in the amine-functionalized copolymer in an amount under 10 wt. %, such as about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, or about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, or about 5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. An acid-containing monomer that is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or any derivative thereof may be copolymerized with other monomers that are all acrylates or methacrylates in some examples. In other examples, an acid-containing monomer that is not an acrylate or methacrylate may be copolymerized with other monomers that are all acrylates or methacrylates. In still other examples, an acid-containing monomer that is not an acrylate or methacrylate may be copolymerized with other monomers that are not all acrylates or methacrylates, but preferably at least a portion of the other monomers are acrylates or methacrylates.

Suitable polyvalent metal salts for use in the present disclosure may comprise a divalent cation, a trivalent cation, a tetravalent cation, or a higher valency cation, and a charge-balancing amount of a suitable anion. Thus, particularly suitable polyvalent metal salts may include divalent metal salts, trivalent metal salts, tetravalent metal salts, pentavalent metal salts, and the like. Any anion may be present to balance the charge associated with the cation in a given polyvalent metal salt. The anion may be selected such that the polyvalent metal salt is soluble or insoluble in the aqueous fluid. Preferably, organic anions, such as carboxylates, may comprise the anion present in the polyvalent metal salt.

Divalent metal salts may be particularly suitable polyvalent metal salts for use in the primer compositions and primer coatings disclosed herein. Suitable divalent metal salts may include, but are not limited to, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, and main group metal salts. Alkaline earth metal salts may be particularly desirable polyvalent metal salts for use in the disclosure herein due to their reasonably low cost. Moreover, alkaline earth metal salts may be rendered soluble or insoluble in aqueous fluids depending upon their anionic form. Suitable anionic forms for divalent metal salts and higher valency metal salts may include, but are not limited to, halides, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrates, carboxylates (e.g., formates, acetates, propionates, lactates, citrates, or the like). The anion form for a given divalent metal salt or higher valency metal salt may be selected such that the salt is soluble or insoluble in the aqueous fluid. Alkaline earth metal carboxylates, such as an alkaline earth metal acetate, may be especially desirable in the disclosure herein due to their ready solubility.

The polyvalent metal salt may be present in the primer compositions at a concentration up to about 25 wt. % based on the total composition. In more particular examples, an amount of the polyvalent metal salt may range from about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % based on the total composition.

The polyvalent metal salt and the amine-functionalized copolymer may be present in a wt.:wt. ratio ranging from about 1:5 to about 5:1, or about 1:4 to about 4:1, or about 1:4 to about 2:1 or about 1:2 to about 4:1, or about 1:2 to about 2:1.

The primer compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise a surfactant or another suitable wetting agent. Suitable surfactants may include, for example, neutral surfactants (including zwitterionic surfactants and uncharged surfactants), cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, or any combination thereof. Cationic surfactants may be particularly suitable for aqueous fluids having an acidic pH value, and anionic surfactants may be particulalry suitable for aqueous fluids having a basic pH value. Neutral surfactants may be suitably used over either range of pH values. Cationic surfactants may prove synthetically challenging during emulsion polymerization but may be suitably introduced to the primer compositions after emulsion polymerization takes place. Advantageously, the polyvalent metal salt and the amine-functionalized copolymer may be compatible with the surfactant in the primer compositions disclosed herein.

Suitable neutral surfactants may include, for example, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, alkyl ethoxylates, polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof. When present, neutral surfactants of these types may be present in the primer compositions of the present disclosure in an amount ranging from about 0.5 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % based on total monomers. Other suitable neutral surfactants for use in the primer compositions disclosed herein include, for example, poloxamers, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerol esters, fatty acid sorbitol esters, and the like. Other neutral surfactants may include, for example, emulsifying agents such as lecithin or glycerol esters, or polymer colloids such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxyethylcellulose, other cellulose derivatives, and the like. Zwitterionic surfactants that may be suitable for use in the disclosure herein include, for example, betaines and sultaines.

Suitable anionic surfactants for use in the disclosure herein may include, for example, alkyl ethoxylate sulfates and sulfonates, alkylphenol ethoxylate sulfates and sulfonates, alkylsulfates, alkylsulfonates, alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfosuccianates, and mixtures thereof. When present, anionic surfactants of these types may be present in the primer compositions of the present disclosure in an amount ranging from about 0.02 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % based on total monomers. Other anionic surfactants suitable for use in the primer compositions disclosed herein include, for example, carboxylate salts of long-chain fatty adds, such as dodecanoic add, stearic add, oleic add, palmitic acid, or the like or phosphate esters of long-chain alcohols,

Suitable cationic surfactants for use in the disclosure herein may include, for example, alkyl, dialkyl or trialkyl ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and mixtures thereof. When present, cationic surfactants of these types may be present in the primer compositions of the present disclosure in an amount ranging from about 0.02 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % based on total monomers.

The primer compositions of the present disclosure are compatible with starch, and starch may be included in the primer compositions, if desired, for promoting toner binding to paper substrates. Suitable starches may include, for example, a modified starch, such as an ionic starch, an oxidized starch, an ethoxylated starch, a hydroxylalkylated starch, a carboxylated starch, an aminated starch, the like or any combination thereof. The starches may be chemically modified through oxidation, acid thinning, or functionalization, or enzymatically modified. The starch may come from any plant source including corn, potato, sweet potato, wheat, rice, sago, tapioca, waxy maize, sorghum, high amylose corn, or the like. When present, the starch may be included in the primer compositions in a greater amount by weight than is the amine-functionalized copolymer. In illustrative examples, starch may be present in the primer compositions in an amount ranging from about 50 wt. % to about 95 wt. % of the total solids in the primer compositions. Choice of a particular starch may be unrelated to the primer composition itself and may be dictated by other variables associated with a printing process. Considerations for choosing a particular starch will be familiar to one having ordinary skill in the art. The starch may be soluble in the aqueous fluid once combined in the primer compositions.

Other adhesion promoters differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer may also be suitably present in the primer compositions disclosed herein. In addition to starch, other suitable adhesion promoters may include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyethyleneimine, polyurethanes, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, guar, natural gums, cellulose ethers, urea, stearates, hydrogenated hydrocarbon rosin or rosin esters, acrylic polymer dispersions, the like, and any combination thereof. The adhesion promoter may be present in an amount ranging from about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % on a solids basis. When present, the adhesion promoter may be present in an amount such that the adhesion promoter:amine-functionalized copolymer ratio ranges from about 1:5 to 5:1, or about 1:1 to 5:1, or about 1:5 to 1:1. Without being bound by theory, the adhesion promoter may aid in promoting adhesion of the primer coating to the substrate and/or promoting adhesion of toner to the primer coating during liquid electrophotographic printing.

Still other additives that may be present in the primer compositions disclosed herein include, for example, pigments, dyes, optical brighteners, crosslinkers, defoamers, anti-static agents, dispersants, thickeners, waxes, fillers, biocides, rheology modifiers, preservatives and any combination thereof.

Provided that the amine number remains within the foregoing ranges from above, the amine groups may include both protonated and unprotonated amines, and/or at least a portion of the amines may be functionalized to form quaternized amine groups or amine derivatives no longer having a lone pair or electrons (e.g., amides, ureas, urethanes, or the like). In particular instances, the amine-functionalized copolymer may comprise a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated. In other instances, the amine-functionalized copolymer may comprise a first portion of amine groups that are quaternized or functionalized and a second portion of amine groups that are non-quaternized or non-functionalized. The total number of amine groups may be limited to avoid water solubility and discoloration, issues commonly occurring with amine-rich polymers such as polyethyleneimine.

Suitable reagents for forming quaternized amine groups may include epoxides and electrophiles, such as alkyl halides or alkyl sulfonates, for example. In some instances, suitable epoxides may be bifunctional compounds such as glycidyl methacrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, and similar compounds which may allow further crosslinking of the amine-functionalized copolymers to take place. Glycidyl methacrylate, for example, may lead to the deposited primer coating being curable by radiation. In addition, reagents for forming quaternized amine groups may afford improved substrate adhesion in certain circumstances.

The amine-functionalized copolymers of the present disclosure may have properties tailored for particular coating applications, wherein tailoring may be realized by varying the monomers and amounts thereof undergoing polymerization. Properties that may be varied include, for example, hydrophobicity/hydrophilcity, molecular weight, glass transition temperature and the like. Particularly desirable amine-functionalized copolymers of the present disclosure may have a glass transition temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 50° C. Glass transition temperatures in this range may afford good film formation properties, in a non-limiting example. If the glass transition temperature is too low, excessive tackiness may result. Glass transition temperatures may be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under the conditions specified above.

Depending on the polymerization conditions and other factors, the polymer molecular weights in the present disclosure may range from about 1×10⁴ to about 1×10⁷ or about 2×10⁴ to about 1×10⁶, or about 1×10⁵ to about 1×10⁶. Even higher molecular weights may be realized when crosslinking occurs. It is to be appreciated that polymer molecular weights outside the foregoing ranges also may be suitable for use in the disclosure herein. Polymer molecular weights in the present disclosure are weight average molecular weights (Mw) and may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using refractive index (RI) detection. GPC analyses herein were performed by drying the polymer emulsion, redissolving the polymer in THF, and filtering through a 0.45 μm filter before injecting onto a Shimadzu LC-20AD GPC instrument containing 3 columns in series (STYRAGEL HR2, STYRAGEL HR4, and STYRAGEL HR6, Waters) and a refractive index detector (Waters 2410). Chromatograms were obtained at 35° C. at a THF flow rate of 1 mL/min, and molecular weights were calculated relative to polystyrene standards.

Substrates coated with a primer coating formed from the primer compositions of the present disclosure are also provided herein. Such coated substrates may comprise a base substrate, and a primer coating disposed upon a surface of the base substrate. The primer coating comprises a polyvalent metal salt and an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 30 to about 160 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 50 to about 60 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 60 to about 80 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 80 to about 100 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 100 to about 115 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 115 to about 130 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 130 to about 150 mg KOH/g copolymer, in which the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group. The at least one amine group comprises a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer. Any of the amine-functionalized copolymers specified above may be used in forming the primer coatings and coated substrates described herein.

Once the primer compositions have been deposited upon the surface of a suitable substrate, the aqueous fluid may be removed to leave behind a primer coating comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer disposed in a suitable weight or thickness upon the surface. Any non-volatile components of the primer compositions may also remain within the primer coatings. Non-limiting examples of other components that may remain within the primer coatings following deposition include, for example, surfactants, starch, or any of the other additives listed above.

In non-limiting examples, the primer coating may be disposed upon a suitable base substrate by a process comprising depositing a coating composition of the present disclosure upon the base substrate (either directly upon the substrate or indirectly upon a pre-coating), specifically a coating composition comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion within the aqueous fluid, and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the primer coating disposed upon the base substrate. Heating and/or application of vacuum may take place in some instances to promote removal of the aqueous fluid.

Suitable base substrates that may be coated with the primer coatings disclosed herein are not believed to be particularly limited. Illustrative base substrates that may be suitably coated include, for example, polymeric substrates, non-woven substrates and paper substrates. Particular examples of suitable base substrates may include, but are not limited to, paper (e.g., art paper, coated paper, paper board, printer paper, cardboard and the like), film (including polymeric films), non-woven materials, and the like. As used herein, the term “film” refers to a substrate made of an organic polymeric material, such as, for example, viscose, acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, polyamides, polycarbonates, or polyesters such as, poly(ethylene terephthalate) or poly(butylene terephthalate). As used herein, the term “non-woven” refers to a substrate which is made from a fiber material such as wood cellulose, cotton, rayon, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene or the like, in which individual fibers have been at least partially fused together.

As can be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, BOPP and other polyolefin substrates are low surface energy materials, which makes them difficult to wet. Corona treatment of such substrates is often performed in order to introduce functional groups suitable for promoting primer coating adhesion. The primer coatings disclosed herein may exhibit good adhesion to such corona-treated substrates due to their balance between hydrophilic and lipophilic monomers.

When deposited upon the substrate surface, the primer coatings may have a coating weight ranging from about 0.05 g/m² to about 0.7 g/m², or from about 0.1 g/m² to about 0.6 g/m², or from about 0.1 g/m² to about 0.2 g/m², or from about 0.2 g/m² to about 0.3 g/m², or from about 0.3 g/m² to about 0.4 g/m², or from about 0.4 g/m² to about 0.5 g/m², or from about 0.5 g/m² to about 0.6 g/m², or from about 0.6 g/m² to about 0.7 g/m². When starch is present in the primer compositions, the primer coating may have even higher coating weights of up to 1.5 g/m². Accordingly, starch-containing coating weights may range from about 0.05 g/m² to about 1.5 g/m², or about 0.1 g/m² to about 0.5 g/m², or about 0.5 g/m² to about 0.9 g/m², or about 0.9 g/m² to about 1.2 g/m², or about 1.2 g/m² to about 1.5 g/m². Primer coatings lacking starch may also be present in these higher coating weights as well. Coating thicknesses of either type may range from about 0.1 microns to about 5 microns, or from about 0.3 microns to about 3 microns, or about 0.5 microns to about 2 microns.

Coated substrates of the present disclosure may further comprise a toner, such as HP INDIGO, deposited upon the primer coating, such as in the form of an electrophotographic image. Electrophotographic images that may be formed upon the primer coatings include, but are not limited to, text, illustrations, photographic images, and the like. Coated substrates comprising a toner may be formed by liquid electrophotographic printing, in non-limiting examples.

Other coated substrates of the present disclosure may further comprise an ink deposited upon the primer coating, such as in the form of an inkjet image. Water-based inkjet inks may be particularly suitable in this regard. Inkjet images that may be formed upon the primer coatings include, but are not limited to, text, illustrations, photographic images, and the like. Coated substrates comprising an ink may be formed by inkjet printing, in non-limiting examples.

Methods for forming the primer compositions of the present disclosure are also contemplated herein. Suitable methods for forming the primer compositions may feature emulsion polymerization techniques in particular process configurations. The methods may comprise: combining one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group with one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group in an aqueous fluid, and forming an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 30 to about 160 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 50 to about 60 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 60 to about 80 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 80 to about 100 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 100 to about 115 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 115 to about 130 mg KOH/g copolymer, or about 130 to about 150 mg KOH/q copolymer in an emulsion polymerization reaction of the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers and the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers conducted in the aqueous fluid, thereby providing a coating composition comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid. A polyvalent metal salt may then be dispersed in the aqueous fluid. Anionic, cationic or neutral surfactants may be present in the aqueous fluid, with neutral surfactants extending the range of potential substrates upon which the primer compositions may be used. The surfactant may be present when the amine-functionalized polymer is produced as an emulsion, or added to the primer compositions after the polyvalent metal salt has been combined with the amine-functionalized polymer in emulsified form.

Radical initiators that may be used in the emulsion polymerization include, for example, alkali persulfates, ammonium persulfate, azo initiators such as 4,4′-azobis-cyanovaleric acid or AIBN, and organic (hydro)peroxides, such as t-butyl hydroperoxide. Azo initiators may be particularly desirable due to their ability to initiate polymerization without participating in oxidation-reduction reactions with the amine-containing monomers. The radicals can be formed by heating the reaction mixture, or by using a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid or sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, among others. The polymerization reaction may occur at a temperature ranging from about 20° C. to about 90° C. Organic chain transfer agents, also known as regulators, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, among others, can also be implemented to control the molecular weight of the copolymer during its preparation.

Deposition of the primer composition upon the base substrate may be realized by applying the primer composition to at least one surface of the base substrate, or a pre-coating thereon, and drying to remove the aqueous fluid. Application of the primer composition to the base substrate may be achieved using any of a variety of methods such as, for example, immersion, spraying, rod or roller, or using equipment such as a size press, water box, blade coater, cast coater, rod coater, air knife coater, curtain coater, film press coater, flexo coater, or the like. The primer composition may be applied inline during a printing process or offline, with the coated substrate being supplied subsequently to the printing process in offline configurations.

Embodiments disclosed herein include:

A. Primer compositions having an amine number of about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g. The primer compositions comprise: an emulsion-polymerized amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in an aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

B. Primer compositions having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g. The primer compositions comprise: a fluid; and an amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed in the fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

C. Coated substrates. The coated substrates comprise: a base substrate; and a primer coating disposed upon a surface of the base substrate; wherein the primer coating comprises an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

D. Methods for making a primer composition. The methods comprise: combining one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group with one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group in an aqueous fluid; and forming an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer in an emulsion polymerization reaction of the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers and the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers conducted in the aqueous fluid, thereby providing a coating composition comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid.

Each of embodiments A-D may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination:

Element 1: wherein the aqueous fluid has a pH of about 7 or greater.

Element 2: wherein the primer composition further comprises a neutral surfactant or an anionic surfactant dispersed in the aqueous fluid.

Element 3: wherein the primer composition further comprises: a starch dispersed in the aqueous fluid.

Element 4: wherein the primer composition further comprises: an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed in the aqueous fluid.

Element 5: wherein the primer composition further comprises: an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed in the fluid.

Element 6: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer further comprises at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid.

Element 7: wherein the amine number ranges from about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer.

Element 8: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer is dispersed as an emulsion in the fluid.

Element 9: wherein the primer composition further comprises: a neutral surfactant or an anionic surfactant dispersed in the fluid.

Element 10: wherein the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, a substituted styrene, a diene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, a vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, a nitrile, (meth)acrylonitrile, an olefinically unsaturated halide, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, a substituted (meth)acrylamide, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates, and any combination thereof.

Element 11: wherein the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and any combination thereof.

Element 12: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated.

Element 13: wherein the primer composition further comprises: a starch dispersed in the fluid.

Element 14: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer has a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.

Element 15: wherein the fluid comprises an aqueous fluid.

Element 16: wherein the base substrate comprises a polymeric substrate.

Element 17: wherein the base substrate comprises a paper substrate.

Element 18: wherein the primer coating further comprises a starch.

Element 19: wherein the primer coating has a coating weight ranging from about 0.05 g/m² to about 1.5 g/m².

Element 20: wherein the primer coating further comprises a neutral surfactant or an anionic surfactant.

Element 21: wherein the coated substrate further comprises: a toner deposited upon the primer coating.

Element 22: wherein the primer coating is disposed upon the base substrate by a process comprising: depositing a coating composition upon the base substrate, the coating composition comprising the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid; and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the primer coating disposed upon the base substrate.

Element 23: wherein the method further comprises: disposing the coating composition upon a base substrate; and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the amine-functionalized copolymer disposed as a primer coating upon the base substrate.

By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A include, but are not limited to, 1 and 2; 1 and 3; 1 and 4; 2 and 3; 2 and 4; 3 and 4; 1-3; 1-4; and 2-4. By way of further non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to B include, but are not limited to, 5 and 6; 5 and 7; 5 and 8; 5 and 9; 5 and 10; 5 and 11; 5 and 12; 5 and 13; 5 and 14; 5 and 15; 6 and 7; 6 and 8; 6 and 9; 6 and 10; 6 and 11; 6 and 12; 6 and 13; 6 and 14; 6 and 15; 7 and 8; 7 and 9; 7 and 10; 7 and 11; 7 and 12; 7 and 13; 7 and 14; 7 and 15; 8 and 9; 8 and 10; 8 and 11; 8 and 12; 8 and 13; 8 and 14; 8 and 15; 9 and 10; 9 and 11; 9 and 12; 9 and 13; 9 and 14; 9 and 15; 10 and 11; 10 and 12; 10 and 13; 10 and 14; 10 and 15; 11 and 12; 11 and 13; 11 and 14; 11 and 15; 12 and 13; 12 and 14; 12 and 15; 13 and 14; 13 and 15; and 14 and 15. Further non-limiting exemplary combinations applicable to C include, but are not limited to, 16 and 19; 16 and 20; 16 and 21; 16 and 22; 14 and 16; 17 and 18; 17-19; 17 and 19; 17 and 20; 17 and 21; 17 and 22; 14 and 17; 18 and 19; 18 and 20; 18 and 21; 18 and 22; 14 and 18; 19 and 20; 19 and 21; 19 and 22; 14 and 19; 20 and 21; 20 and 22; 14 and 20; 21 and 22; 14 and 21; and 14 and 22. Further non-limiting exemplary combinations applicable to D include, but are not limited to, 6 and 23; 7 and 23; 9 and 23; 10 and 23; 11 and 23; 12 and 23; 14 and 23; 6 and 7; 6 and 9; 6 and 10; 6 and 11; 6 and 12; 6 and 14; 7 and 9; 7 and 10; 7 and 11; 7 and 12; 7 and 14; 9 and 10; 9 and 11; 9 and 12; 9 and 14; 10 and 11; 10 and 12; 10 and 14; 11 and 12; 11 and 14; and 12 and 14.

Additional embodiments disclosed herein include:

A′. Aqueous primer compositions. The aqueous primer compositions comprise: a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid; and an emulsion-polymerized amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

B′. Coated substrates suitable for inkjet printing and electrophotographic printing. The coated substrates comprise: a base substrate; and a primer coating disposed upon a surface of the base substrate; wherein the primer coating comprises a polyvalent metal salt and an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

C′. Coating processes for priming a substrate prior to printing. The coating processes comprise: depositing a coating composition upon a base substrate, the coating composition comprising a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid and an amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer; and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the primer coating disposed upon the base substrate.

D′: A. Primer compositions suitable for combining with an inkjet primer. The primer compositions comprise: an emulsion-polymerized amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in an aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.

Each of embodiments A′-C′ or D′ may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination:

Element 1′: wherein the aqueous fluid has a pH of about 5.5 to about 7.5.

Element 2′: wherein the primer composition further comprises a surfactant dispersed in the aqueous fluid.

Element 3′: wherein the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant, a neutral surfactant, or any combination thereof.

Element 4′: wherein the polyvalent metal salt is dissolved in the aqueous fluid.

Element 5′: wherein the polyvalent metal salt is suspended in the aqueous fluid.

Element 6′: wherein the primer composition further comprises a starch dissolved in the aqueous fluid.

Element 7′: wherein the primer composition further comprises an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed in the aqueous fluid.

Element 8′: wherein the polyvalent metal salt comprises a divalent metal salt.

Element 9′: wherein the divalent metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal salt.

Element 10′: wherein the alkaline earth metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal carboxylate.

Element 11′: wherein the amine number ranges from about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer.

Element 12′: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer further comprises at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid.

Element 13′: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated.

Element 14′: wherein the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, a substituted styrene, a diene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, a vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, a nitrile, (meth)acrylonitrile, an olefinically unsaturated halide, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, a substituted (meth)acrylamide, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates, and any combination thereof.

Element 15′: wherein the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and any combination thereof.

Element 16′: wherein the base substrate comprises a polymeric substrate.

Element 17′: wherein the base substrate comprises a paper substrate.

Element 18′: wherein the primer coating further comprises a starch.

Element 19′: wherein the primer coating further comprises a surfactant.

Element 20′: wherein the surfactant comprises a neutral surfactant, a cationic surfactant, or any combination thereof.

Element 21′: wherein the primer coating further comprises an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer.

Element 22′: wherein the primer coating has a coating weight ranging from about 0.05 g/m² to about 1.5 g/m².

Element 23′: wherein the amine number ranges from about 70 to about 140 mg KOH/g copolymer.

Element 24′: wherein the polyvalent metal salt comprises a divalent metal salt.

Element 25′: wherein the divalent metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal salt.

Element 26′: wherein the alkaline earth metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal carboxylate.

Element 27′: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer further comprises at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid.

Element 28′: wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated.

Element 29′: wherein the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, a substituted styrene, a diene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, a vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, a nitrile, (meth)acrylonitrile, an olefinically unsaturated halide, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, a substituted (meth)acrylamide, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates, and any combination thereof.

Element 30′: wherein the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and any combination thereof.

Element 31′: wherein the primer coating is disposed upon the base substrate by a coating process comprising: depositing a coating composition upon the base substrate, the coating composition comprising the polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid and the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid; and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the primer coating disposed upon the base substrate.

By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A′ include, but are not limited to, 1′ and 2′; 1′ and 3′; 1′ and 4′ or 5′; 1′ and 6′; 1′, 4′ or 5′, and 6′; 1′ and 7′; 1′ and 8′; 1′, 8′ and 9′; 1′ and 8′-10′; 1′ and 11′; 1′ and 12′; 1′ and 13′; 1′ and 14′; 1′ and 15′; 2′ and 3′; 2′ and 4′ or 5′; 2′ and 6′; 2′, 4′ or 5′, and 6′; 2′ and 7′; 2′ and 8′; 2′, 8′ and 9′; 2′ and 8′-10′; 2′ and 11′; 2′ and 12′; 2′ and 13′; 2′ and 14′; 2′ and 15′; 3′ and 4′ or 5′; 3′ and 6′; 3′, 4′ or 5′, and 6′; 3′ and 7′; 3′ and 8′; 3′, 8′ and 9′; 3′ and 8′-10′; 3′ and 11′; 3′ and 12′; 3′ and 13′; 3′ and 14′; 3′ and 15′; 4′ or 5′, and 6′; 4′ or 5′, and 7′; 4′ or 5′, and 8′; 4′ or 5′, 8′ and 9′; 4′ or 5′, and 8′40′; 4′ or 5′, and 11′; 4′ or 5′, and 12′; 4′ or 5′, and 13′; 4′ or 5′, and 14′; 4′ or 5′, and 15′; 6′ and 7′; 6′ and 8′; 6′, 8′ and 9′; 6′ and 8′40′; 6′ and 11′; 6′ and 12′; 6′ and 13′; 6′ and 14′; 6′ and 15′; 7′ and 8′; 7′, 8′ and 9′; 7′ and 8′40′; 7′ and 11′; 7′ and 12′; 7′ and 13′; 7′ and 14′; 7′ and 15′; 8′ and 9′, or 8′-10′, and 11′; 8′ and 9′, or 8′-10′, and 12′; 8′ and 9′, or 8′-10′, and 13′; 8′ and 9′, or 8′-10′, and 14′; 8′ and 9′, or 8′-10′, and 15′; 11′ and 12′; 11′ and 13′; 11′ and 14′; 11′ and 15′; 12′ and 13′; 12′ and 14′; 12′ and 15′; 13′ and 14′; 13′ and 15′; and 14′ and 15′.

By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to B′ include, but are not limited to, 16′ or 17′, and 18′; 16′ or 17′, and 19′; 16′ or 17′, and 20′; 16′ or 17′, and 21′; 16′ or 17′, and 22′; 16′ or 17′, and 23′; 16′ or 17′, and 24′; 16′ or 17′, and 24′ and 25′; 16′ or 17′, and 24′-26′; 16′ or 17′, and 27′; 16′ or 17′, and 28′; 16′ or 17′, and 29′; 16′ or 17′, and 30′; 16′ or 17′, and 31′; 18′ and 19′; 18′ and 20′; 18′ and 21′; 18′ and 22′; 18′ and 23′; 18′ and 24′; 18′, 24′ and 25′; 18′ and 24′-26′; 18′ and 27′; 18′ and 28′; 18′ and 29′; 18′ and 30′; 18′ and 31′; 19′ and 20′; 19′ and 21′; 19′ and 22′; 19′ and 23′; 19′ and 24′; 19′, 24′ and 25′; 19′ and 24′-26′; 19′ and 27′; 19′ and 28′; 19′ and 29′; 19′ and 30′; 19′ and 31′; 20′ and 21′; 20′ and 22′; 20′ and 23′; 20′ and 24′; 20′, 24′ and 25′; 20′ and 24′-26′; 20′ and 27′; 20′ and 28′; 20′ and 29′; 20′ and 30′; 20′ and 31′; 21′ and 22′; 21′ and 23′; 21′ and 24′; 21′, 24′ and 25′; 21′ and 24′-26′; 21′ and 27′; 21′ and 28′; 21′ and 29′; 21′ and 30′; 21′ and 31′; 22′ and 23′; 22′ and 24′; 22′, 24′ and 25′; 22′ and 24′-26′; 22′ and 27′; 22′ and 28′; 22′ and 29′; 22′ and 30′; 22′ and 31′; 23′ and 24′; 23′, 24′ and 25′; 23′ and 24′-26′; 23′ and 27′; 23′ and 28′; 23′ and 29′; 23′ and 30′; 23′ and 31′; 24′ and 25′; 24′-26′; 24′, 24′ and 25′, or 24′-26′, and 27′; 24′, 24′ and 25′, or 24′-26′, and 28′; 24′, 24′ and 25′, or 24′-26′, and 29′; 24′, 24′ and 25′, or 24′-26′, and 30′; 24′, 24′ and 25′, or 24′-26′, and 31′; 27′ and 28′; 27′ and 29′; 27′ and 30′; 27′ and 31′; 28′ and 29′; 28′ and 30′; 28′ and 31′; 29′ and 30′; 29′ and 31′; and 30′ and 31′.

Any of the non-limiting exemplary combinations applicable to A′ and B′ may be applicable to C′ or D′.

To facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure herein, the following examples of various representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Illustrative Amine-functionalized Polymer Synthesis and Emulsion Formulation Procedure. One kilogram of product was prepared by emulsion polymerization of a monomer mixture. The emulsion polymerization was carried out in a temperature-regulated double-walled glass reactor fitted with an overhead condenser, a stirrer and a nitrogen inlet (20 mL/min N2 flow). A 7 mM solution of DOWFAX 2A1 (Dow Chemical) emulsifying agent in 211 g demineralized water was added to the reactor and heated to 85° C. In a separate vessel, a monomer mixture comprising 228 g n-butyl acrylate, 146 g styrene and 94 g 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate was emulsified in 247 g water in the presence of 14 g of DISPONIL A 3065 (BASF) emulsifying agent. 5 g of an aqueous solution of 10 wt. % 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) neutralized 1.5 times with ammonia was added to the reactor, followed 5 minutes afterward by 25 g of the monomer emulsion prepared previously. The reaction mixture was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes, after which time the remaining monomer emulsion was fed to the reaction mixture at a constant rate over a period of 4 hours. During this period, a parallel constant rate feed of 24 g of an aqueous solution of 4 wt. % 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) neutralized 1.5 times with ammonia was also added to the reaction mixture. After addition of both feeds was complete, the reactor contents were maintained under stirring conditions at 85° C. for an additional 60 minutes. High monomer conversions exceeding 80% were obtained under the polymerization conditions.

The resulting polymer dispersion was cooled to 50° C., and 14 g of an aqueous solution of 4 wt. % t-butyl hydroperoxide and 14 g of an aqueous solution of 6 wt. % BRUGGOLITE® FF6M reducing agent (Bruggemann GmbH & Co), 0.2 wt. % iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate and 0.5 wt. % tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were fed to the reactor in parallel over a period of 2 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was maintained at 50° C. for 30 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. Upon reaching room temperature, 0.05 g of BYK-016 (BYK-Chemie) defoamer was added slowly to the reaction mixture under high rate stirring. The resulting emulsion was used directly for coating applications without further modification, unless further modified as specified below.

The polymer emulsion produced as above corresponds to Entry 17 in Table 2 below. Other polymer emulsions in the examples below were prepared similarly by substituting a specified ratio of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the monomer mixture. Specific formulations are provided in the Tables below.

Example 2: Coating on Polymeric Substrates and Adhesion Testing. Polymer emulsions prepared as in Example 1 were coated onto a 48 ga PET polyester substrate such that the layer weight was 0.5 g/m² after drying at 105° C. for one minute. For the data in Table 1 below, a hot-nip laminator was used to transfer HP color blocks from an untreated BOPP substrate to a PET substrate primed as above. In this case, hand drawdowns were performed with Meyer rods to deliver the primer composition onto the substrate surface, and hot-nip lamination followed thereafter. For the data in Table 2 below, the primer coatings were applied using a HP INDIGO 6000 press, and printing was conducted with the press instrument using HP INDIGO ELECTROINK under standard printing conditions. In particular, printing was performed using the HP INDIGO 6000 press operating in 4 shot mode with a drying temperature of 80° C. and a corona power intensity of 800 W on the priming unit.

Ink adhesion to the primer coating was evaluated by applying SCOTCH® 810 (3M) tape to the printed surface immediately after printing and removing the tape after 15 minutes. The testing procedure was similar to that described in ASTM 2252/2252M, except for using SCOTCH® 810 tape instead of SCOTCH® 610 tape and performing 4 passes of a 2 kg roller to press the tape onto the coated substrate. The percentage removal of the printed image was evaluated visually.

Adhesion testing results and selected physical property data is summarized in Tables 1 and 2 below. A value of “none” or 0% indicates that the printed image was fully removed, and a value of 100% indicates that no image removal was apparent. Control data for polymers bearing non-amine functional groups and deposited under similar conditions is shown in Table 1. Data for polymers bearing various amounts of amine functional groups is shown in Table 2. Monomer percentages are by weight of the individual monomers with respect to the total weight of monomers. Glass transition temperatures (T_(a)) were determined via differential scanning calorimetry using a DSC 3+ instrument (Mettler Toledo). The scanning cycle consisted of an initial cooling to −60° C. at a 20° C./min ramp, followed by a stabilizing period of 5 minutes at this temperature. The sample was then heated at a ramp of 20° C./min up to a temperature of 120° C./min, followed by a second stabilizing period of 5 minutes at this temperature. Two of the foregoing cycles were performed for each sample, with the first cycle removing the thermal history of the sample and the second cycle being used to determine the T_(g) value.

TABLE 1 Print Entry Functionality Monomer Mixture Adhesion 1 carboxyl 70% n-butyl acrylate None 11% styrene (0%) 15% methacrylic acid 4% acrylic acid 2 carboxyl 44% 2-ethyhexylacrylate None 39% styrene (0%) 17% acrylic acid 3 carboxyl 69% n-butylacrylate None 11% styrene (0%) 20% methacrylic acid 4 carboxyl 39% n-butylacrylate None 11% styrene (0%) 50% methacrylic acid 5 epoxide 74% n-butylacrylate None 11% styrene (0%) 15% glycidyl methacrylate 6 epoxide 59% n-butyl acrylate None 11% styrene (0%) 30% glycidyl methacrylate 7 epoxide 53% n-butyl acrylate None 32% styrene (0%) 15% methacrylic acid 8 epoxide 56% n-butylacrylate None 26% methyl methacrylate (0%) 18% glycidyl methacrylate 9 hydroxyl 55% n-butylacrylate None 25% methyl methacrylate (0%) 20% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 10 amide 40% 2-ethyhexyl acrylate 10% 47% styrene 3% methacrylic acid 10% acrylamide 11 amide 38% 2-ethylhexyl acrylate 20% 44% styrene 3% methacrylic acid 15% acrylamide 12 urea 65% n-butyl acrylate 20% 25% methyl methacrylate 10% ureido methacrylate

TABLE 2 % Amine T_(g) Print Entry Monomer Monomer Mixture (° C.) Adhesion 13  0% 53% n-butyl acrylate 10  0% 47% methyl methacrylate 14 15% 15% (dimethylamino)ethyl 0 60% methacrylate 45% n-butyl acrylate 40% styrene 15 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl −8 90% methacrylate 54% n-butyl acrylate 26% styrene 16 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl 3 40% methacrylate 36% 2-ethyhexyl acrylate 44% styrene 17 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl 1 90% methacrylate 49% n-butyl acrylate 31% styrene 18 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl 6 90% methacrylate 43% n-butyl acrylate 37% methyl methacrylate 19 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl 23 90% methacrylate 10% n-butyl methacrylate 15% methyl methacrylate 55% n-butyl methacrylate 20 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl 2 90% methacrylate 25% n-butyl methacrylate 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 21 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl −3 90% methacrylate 51% n-butyl methacrylate 29% styrene 22 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl 9 90% methacrylate 37% n-butyl acrylate 33% styrene 23 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl 0 90% methacrylate 43% n-butyl acrylate 27% styrene 24 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl 9 90% methacrylate 18% n-butyl acrylate 10% methyl methacrylate 42% n-butyl methacrylate 25 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl −3 90% methacrylate 43% n-butyl acrylate 27% styrene 26 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl 3 80% methacrylate 42% n-butyl acrylate 27% styrene 1% divinyl benzene 27 40% 40% (dimethylamino)ethyl −9 90% methacrylate 39% n-butyl acrylate 21% methyl methacrylate 28 40% 40% (dimethylamino)ethyl −1 90% methacrylate 34% n-butyl acrylate 26% methyl methacrylate 29 40% 40% (dimethylamino)ethyl −11 40% methacrylate 39% 2-ethylhexyl acrylate 26% methyl methacrylate 30 40% 34% n-butyl acrylate −1 80% 24% methyl methacrylate 2% n-methylol acrylamide 31 40% 40% (dimethylamino)ethyl 2 80% methacrylate 18% n-butyl acrylate 10% methyl methacrylate 34% n-butyl methacrylate 32 40% 40% (dimethylamino)ethyl −2 80% methacrylate 39% n-butyl acrylate 21% styrene 33 40% 18% (dimethylamino)ethyl 10 90% methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 20% n-butyl acrylate 10% methyl methacrylate 30% n-butyl methacrylate 34 41% 19% (dimethylamino)ethyl 10 90% methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 32% n-butyl acrylate 25% methyl methacrylate 35 15% 15% (dimethylamino)ethyl 9 60% methacrylate 4% methacrylic acid 54% n-butyl acrylate 27% styrene 36 15% 15% (dimethylamino)ethyl 15  0% methacrylate 8% methacrylic acid 51% n-butyl acrylate 26% styrene 37 20% 20% (dimethylamino)ethyl −8  0% [after HCl methacrylate neutralization] 54% n-butyl acrylate 26% styrene 38 30% 30% (dimethylamino)ethyl 9 80% [after 0.5 eq. methacrylate glycidyl 37% n-butyl acrylate methacrylate] 33% styrene

As shown in Table 1, coatings formulated with various copolymers containing carboxyl, epoxide, or hydroxyl functionalities afforded ink transfer after lamination but did not promote image adhesion as measured by the tape pull test. Copolymers containing amide or urea functionalities afforded a limited amount of image adhesion as measured by the tape pull test, possibly due to the formation of N—H hydrogen bonds or partial acid-base interactions between these functional groups and the carboxyl functionalities in the toner.

As shown in Table 2, multiple amine-containing copolymers afforded both good image transfer and strong adhesion as measured by the tape pull test. In most cases, the percent adhesion exceeded 80%. A copolymer having a similar composition to those exhibiting strong adhesion but lacking an amine-containing monomer (Entry 13) did not demonstrate measurable adhesion by the tape pull test. Copolymers having two different types of amine-containing monomers (Entries 33 and 34) exhibited similar percent adhesion values to those having only a single type of amine-containing monomer.

Primer coatings featuring copolymers containing monomers capable of internally protonating the amine groups or copolymers having the amine groups fully or partially quaternized or protonated following polymerization exhibited a lower percent adhesion once a threshold level of amine modification was reached. Incorporation of carboxylic acid groups above a threshold level completely blocked image adhesion (Entry 36), whereas significant image adhesion still was realized when a lower amount of carboxylic acid functionalities were present (Entry 35). The adhesion observed for the copolymer of Entry 35 was similar to or only modestly lower than that observed for copolymers having similar quantities of the other monomers but lacking the carboxylic acid-containing monomer (Entries 15 and 17). Like incorporation of excessive carboxylic acid functionalities, post-synthesis acidification with a mineral acid completely disrupted the ability of the copolymer to promote image adhesion (Entry 37), whereas the non-acidified copolymer showed very good image adhesion (Entry 15). Partial epoxide functionalization of the amine groups maintained good image adhesion (Entry 38), with only a minimal decrease observed compared to the non-functionalized counterpart copolymer (Entry 22).

Example 3: Additional Adhesion Testing Data for Coatings on Plastic Substrates. Polymer emulsions prepared as in Example 1 were coated onto a 48 ga PET polyester substrate or an 80 ga BOPP (biaxially orientated polypropylene) substrate. Coating was performed as in Example 2 using a HP INDIGO 6000 press. The coating weight was varied in this example as well. Adhesion testing results and selected physical property data is summarized in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Coating Weight Print Entry Substrate Monomer Mixture (g/m²) Adhesion 39 48 ga PET 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.12 50% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 40 48 ga PET 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.21 85% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 41 48 ga PET 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.29 95% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 42 80 ga BOPP 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.21 None 26% methyl methacrylate (0%) 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 43 48 ga PET 18% n-butyl acrylate 0.20 95% 10% methyl methacrylate 34% n-butyl methacrylate 38% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 44 48 ga PET 25% n-butyl acrylate 0.17 95% 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 45 48 ga PET 51% n-butyl acrylate 0.16 80% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 46 48 ga PET 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.25 80% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 10% LUPASOL P 47 80 ga BOPP 34% n-butyl acrylate 0.27 90% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 10% LUPASOL P 48 48 ga PET 18% n-butyl acrylate 0.25 80% 10% methyl methacrylate 34% n-butyl methacrylate 38% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 10% LUPASOL P 49 80 ga BOPP 18% n-butyl acrylate 0.27 90% 10% methyl methacrylate 34% n-butyl methacrylate 38% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 10% LUPASOL P 50 48 ga PET 25% n-butyl acrylate 0.19 80% 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 20% NEOREZ R605 51 80 ga BOPP 25% n-butyl acrylate 0.21 85% 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 20% NEOREZ R605 52 48 ga PET 51% n-butyl acrylate 0.18 80% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 20% NEOREZ R605 53 80 ga BOPP 51% n-butyl acrylate 0.18 90% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate + 20% NEOREZ R605 LUPASOL P = polyethyleneimine (BASF) NEOREZ R605 = polyurethane (DSM Coating Resins, Inc.) As shown, incorporation of polyethyleneimine or polyurethane as a further adhesion promoter into the coatings did not significantly impact the observed image adhesion (Entries 46-53). Polyethyleneimine or polyurethane were added to promote adhesion to the BOPP substrate.

Water resistance of the coatings from Entries 44 and 46 was tested by submerging the coated PET substrate over a period of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours and 24 hours. A tape pull test was performed each time after the coated substrate was removed from the water. The relatively hydrophilic copolymer coating (Entry 46) exhibited considerable delamination after just 30 minutes of water immersion, whereas the more hydrophobic copolymer (Entry 44) did not experience significant delamination over the test period.

Example 4: Adhesion Testing Data for Coatings on Paper Substrates. 8 wt. % aqueous starch solutions were prepared by keeping the solution at 90° C. for a period of at least 25 minutes, after which the solution's pH was adjusted to 8.5 using 1 wt. % potassium hydroxide solution. Each starch solution was blended with a polymer emulsion prepared as in Example 1 at a blend ratio of 75% starch and 25% copolymer, based on solids. The blends were kept at 60° C. for 1 hour before application upon a sheet of commercially available Starbrite Opaque Select Smooth 100T paper (Verity, Caliper 7.4, Brightness 96 and Opacity 97) having a base weight of approximately 150 g/m². Coating was performed using a Meyer rod #4 and targeting a coating weight of 2 g/m² of dry material. Brookfield viscosity was determined immediately after formulation and after 24 hours of storage at 60° C. to determine the colloidal stability of the blended coating emulsion.

The coated paper sheets were prepared using an HP INDIGO press WS 5500 Series 3 operating in 4 shot mode, following a standard screening procedure, with blanket and impression drum temperatures of 110° C. and 42° C., respectively. HP 100% black liquid toner and HP 290% Photo black toner (52% yellow, 66% magenta, 72% cyan and 100% black) were printed on the coated paper sheets. Ink adhesion was evaluated by performing tape pull tests with SCOTCH® 234 (3M) tape after 10 minutes. Percent adhesion was evaluated using a flatbed scanner and processing the scanned image to determine the area removed by the tape. HP ELECTROINK adhesion to the uncoated paper was found to be 65% for the 100% black toner and 39% for the 290% Photo black toner. Tables 4-7 show adhesion results obtained for blends of the amine-containing copolymer emulsions with hydroxyethylated corn starch (INGREDIONPEN-COTE®), oxidized corn starch (Douglas 3040), hydroxyethylated tapioca starch (EXCELSIZE 22), and hydroxyethylated potato starch (WESCOTE 3070), respectively. The amine-containing copolymers were colloidally stable with the starches tested, and the viscosity did not change appreciably over the observation period.

TABLE 4 Monomer Mixture Print Combined with Adhesion Hydroxyethylated Corn Viscosity (Cp) 100% 290% Entry Starch (1:3) Initial Final Black Black 54 53% n-butyl acrylate 47 140  68%  42% 47% methyl methacrylate 55 51% n-butyl acrylate 37 150 100% 100% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 56 43% n-butyl acrylate 37 150 100% 100% 37% methyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 57 25% n-butyl acrylate 26 89  98%  98% 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 58 33% n-butyl acrylate 36 151 100% 100% 25% methyl methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 59 34% n-butyl acrylate 29 158  99%  99% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

TABLE 5 Print Adhesion Monomer Mixture (%) Combined with Oxidized Viscosity (Cp) 100% 290% Entry Corn Starch (1:3) Initial Final Black Black 60 53% n-butyl acrylate 100 156 66% 33% 47% methyl methacrylate 61 51% n-butyl acrylate 62 122 99% 97% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 62 43% n-butyl acrylate 82 200 88% 70% 37% methyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 63 25% n-butyl acrylate 14 14 98% 100%  10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 64 33% n-butyl acrylate 118 106 100%  100%  25% methyl methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 65 34% n-butyl acrylate 138 150 99% 99% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

TABLE 6 Print Monomer Mixture Adhesion Combined with (%) Hydroxyethylated Tapioca Viscosity (Cp) 100% 290% Entry Starch (1:3) Initial Final Black Black 66 53% n-butyl acrylate 4 2 63% 37% 47% methyl methacrylate 67 51% n-butyl acrylate 2 2 98% 95% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 68 43% n-butyl acrylate 4 4 98% 98% 37% methyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 69 25% n-butyl acrylate 4 2 98% 95% 10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 70 33% n-butyl acrylate 6 6 99% 99% 25% methyl methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 71 34% n-butyl acrylate 4 4 92% 86% 26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

TABLE 7 Print Monomer Mixture Adhesion Combined with (%) Hydroxyethylated Potato Viscosity (Cp) 100% 290% Entry Starch (1:3) Initial Final Black Black 72 53% n-butyl acrylate 18 14 68% 32% 47% methyl methacrylate 73 51% n-butyl acrylate 14 12 99% 98% 29% styrene 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 74 43% n-butyl acrylate 14 14 98% 98% 37% methyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 75 25% n-butyl acrylate 20 14 100%  100%  10% methyl methacrylate 45% n-butyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 76 33% n-butyl acrylate 14 12 99% 99% 25% methyl methacrylate 22% 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate 20% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 77 34% n-butyl acrylate 20 12 100%  100%  26% methyl methacrylate 40% 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate As shown in Tables 4-7, image adhesion to the amine-containing copolymers was significantly greater than to copolymers lacking an amine functionality (Entries 54, 60, 66 and 72). Moreover, the amine-containing copolymers afforded very high adhesion for both 100% Black and 290% Photo Black toners. In contrast, copolymers lacking an amine functionality afforded considerably lower image adhesion for the 290% Photo Black toner.

Example 5: Formulations for Inkjet and Electrophotographic Printing. The following stock reagents were prepared as solutions, dispersions, or emulsions, as specified in Table 8 below. Starch emulsions (Emulsions C and D) were prepared by adding the dry starch powder to water and cooking for 25 minutes at 90° C. SURFYNOL 465 (Evonik) and DYNOL360 are non-ionic surfactants.

TABLE 8 Component Wt. % Solution A Water 64.5 Calcium Acetate 20 Thickener 15 Biocide 0.25 SURFYNOL 465 0.25 Solution B Water 64.5 Calcium Chloride 20 Thickener 15 Biocide 0.25 SURFYNOL 465 0.25 Solution C Water 78.5 Calcium Lactate 6 Thickener 15 Biocide 0.25 SURFYNOL 465 0.25 Solution D Water 70.5 Calcium Gluconate 14 Thickener 15 Biocide 0.25 SURFYNOL 465 0.25 Emulsion B1 50% solids emulsion prepared from: 39.8 wt. % 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 33.6 wt. % n-butyl acrylate 26.4 wt. % methyl methacrylate 0.2 wt. % acrylic acid Emulsion B2 38% solids emulsion prepared from: 39.8 wt. % 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 33.6 wt. % n-butyl acrylate 26.4 wt. % methyl methacrylate 0.2 wt. % acrylic acid Emulsion C PEN-COTE starch at 8% solids after dilution Emulsion D ETHYLEX 2035 starch at 8% solids after dilution

Primer compositions were formulated from Solution A and Emulsions B1, B2, C and D, as specified in Table 9 below. Formulations 1-5 (Entries 78-82) were prepared by mixing the components together and blending for 30 minutes.

TABLE 9 Entry Sample Components Wt. % 78 Formulation 1 Solution A 30 (salt) Emulsion B1 20 (polymer) Emulsion C 50 (starch) 79 Formulation 2 Solution A 80 (salt) Emulsion B1 20 (polymer) 80 Formulation 3 Solution A 70 (salt) Emulsion B1 30 (polymer) 81 Formulation 4 Solution A 60 (salt) Emulsion B1 40 (polymer) 82 Formulation 5 Solution A 40 (salt) Emulsion B1 60 (polymer) 83 Formulation 6 Water 23 Calcium Acetate 16 Emulsion B2 60 (polymer) DYNOL360 1 84 Formulation 7 Water 10 Calcium Acetate 20 Emulsion B2 70 (polymer) DYNOL360 1 85 Formulation 8 Water 19.8 Formulation 3 5.16 (salt/polymer) (3.61% Solution A, 1.55% Emulsion B1) Emulsion C 75 (starch) 86 Formulation 9 Water 20.35 Formulation 4 4.64 (salt/polymer) (2.78% Solution A, 1.86% Emulsion B1) Emulsion C 75 (starch) 87 Formulation 10 Water 19.8 Formulation 3 5.16 (salt/polymer) (3.61% Emulsion A, 1.55% Emulsion B1) Emulsion D 75 (starch) 88 Formulation 11 Water 20.35 Formulation 4 4.64 (salt/polymer) (2.78% Emulsion A, 1.86% Emulsion B1) Emulsion D 75 (starch) 89 Formulation 12 Water 24.51 Emulsion B1 4.91 (polymer) Emulsion D 70.58 (starch) 90 Formulation 13 Water 10.02 Emulsion B1 1.40 (polymer) Emulsion D 88.58 (starch) 91 Formulation 14 Water 4.84 Emulsion B1 0.91 (polymer) Emulsion D 94.25 (starch) 92 Formulation 15 Water 5.08 Emulsion B1 0.42 (polymer) Emulsion D 94.50 (starch) 93 Formulation 16 Solution A 6.16 (salt) Emulsion B1 4.65 (polymer) Emulsion D 89.19 (starch) 94 Formulation 17 Solution A 6.37 (salt) Emulsion B1 1.31 (polymer) Emulsion D 92.32 (starch) 95 Formulation 18 Solution A 6.40 (salt) Emulsion B1 0.85 (polymer) Emulsion D 92.75 (starch) 96 Formulation 19 Solution A 6.43 (salt) Emulsion B1 0.42 (polymer) Emulsion D 93.16 (starch) 97 Formulation 20 Solution A 6.40 (salt) Emulsion C 93.60 (starch) 98 Formulation 21 Solution B 70 (salt) Emulsion B1 30 (polymer) 99 Formulation 22 Solution B 60 (salt) Emulsion B1 40 (polymer) 100 Formulation 23 Solution C 70 (salt) Emulsion B1 30 (polymer) 101 Formulation 24 Solution C 60 (salt) Emulsion B1 40 (polymer) 102 Formulation 25 Solution D 70 (salt) Emulsion B1 30 (polymer) 103 Formulation 26 Solution D 60 (salt) Emulsion B1 40 (polymer) Formulations 1-5 (Entries 78-82) were prepared by mixing the components together and blending for 30 minutes. Formulations 6 and 7 (Entries 83 and 84) were prepared by mixing Emulsion B2 and water for 10 minutes. Calcium acetate was then added in powder form, and mixing was continued for 30 minutes. After checking for complete dissolution of the calcium acetate (glass slide observation), the DYNOL360 was added, and mixing was continued for another 10 minutes. Formulations 8 and 9 (Entries 85 and 86) were prepared by combining Emulsion C with Formulation 3 or Formulation 4 and mixing for 30 minutes. Formulations 10 and 11 (Entries 87 and 88) were prepared by combining Emulsion D with Formulation 3 or Formulation 4 and mixing for 30 minutes. Other formulations were prepared similarly to these.

Formulations 1-26 (Entries 78-103) all had a ‘passing’ consistency and exhibited substantially no agglomeration or precipitation after mixing for 30 minutes.

Attempts to form stable formulations from Solution A (48 wt. %) and a commercial electrophotographic printing primer comprising an ethylene acrylic acid polymer emulsion composition (52 wt. %) failed due to agglomeration and extreme precipitation once the components were blended together. Similarly, attempts to form stable formulations from Solution A (50 wt. %) and a commercial electrophotographic printing primer comprising a polyurethane emulsion composition (50 wt. %) also failed due to agglomeration and precipitation once the components were mixed together.

Example 6: Inkjet Printing Using Hybrid Primer Coatings. Formulations from Example 5 were tested for inkjet printing quality when applied to a substrate using two different coating techniques, as specified below. Printing upon coated substrates was performed using an HP Pagewide 477DW inkjet printer. Bleed, coalescence, and gamut of the print were analyzed visually using a loop magnifier. Overall print quality was classified subjectively by a Poor, Good, or Excellent ranking system. In addition to the uncoated substrate, MICHEM FLEX P1852 (Michelman, Inc., extrusion coating primer) and IN-LINE PRIMER 030 (Michelman, Inc., HP INDIGO electrophotographic primer) were run as controls.

Roller Coating: The formulations were applied to a paper substrate using a Comco press with a 3.25 BCM (billions cubic microns) anilox roller. The substrate was pre-coated with a clay-based coating before applying the primer coating for printing. A continuous substrate feed was run through the press at a rate of 200 fpm (feet per minute), after which drying was conducted at 250° F. over a dwell time of approximately 6 seconds. Testing results are summarized in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 Entry Sample Poor Good Excellent 104 Substrate Control X 105 MICHEM FLEX X P1852 Control 106 IN-LINE PRIMER X 030 Control 107 Formulation 1 X 108 Formulation 2 X 109 Formulation 3 X 110 Formulation 4 X 111 Formulation 5 X 112 Formulation 21 X 113 Formulation 22 X 114 Formulation 23 X 115 Formulation 24 X 116 Formulation 25 X 117 Formulation 26 X

Size Press: Size press application of the formulations was performed using a Meyer rod #4 upon two different paper substrates consisting of individual sheets: 70# and 100# weights. The primer formulation was applied directly upon the paper fibers, and no pre-coating was present. After coating, the substrates were dried at 105° C. for one minute before printing. Testing results are summarized in Table 11 below.

TABLE 11 Entry Sample Poor Good Excellent 118 Substrate Control X 119 Emulsion B1 X 120 Formulation 1 X 121 Formulation 8 X 122 Formulation 9 X 123 Formulation 10 X 124 Formulation 11 X 125 Formulation 12 X 126 Formulation 13 X 127 Formulation 14 X 128 Formulation 15 X 129 Formulation 16 X 131 Formulation 17 X 132 Formulation 18 X 133 Formulation 19 X 134 Formulation 20 X

As shown in Tables 10 and 11, poor inkjet printing quality was realized with both an uncoated substrate (Entries 104 and 118) and an amine-functionalized copolymer alone (Entry 119). Poor inkjet printing quality also occurred when coating was performed using an amine-functionalized copolymer and starch (Entries 125-128). In contrast, a coating comprising calcium acetate and starch provided excellent inkjet printing quality (Entry 134). Coatings comprising both calcium acetate and an amine-functionalized copolymer provided good to excellent inkjet printing quality (Entries 107-110, 120-124, and 129-133), thus showing that the amine-functionalized copolymer does not interfere with the ability of the divalent metal salt (calcium acetate) to facilitate ink adhesion. Alternative salt forms also afforded good inkjet printing quality (Entries 111-117).

Example 7: Electrophotographic Printing Using Hybrid Primer Coatings. Formulations from Example 5 were tested for adherence when applied to a substrate by two different coating techniques, as specified below. Printing upon the coated substrates was performed using an HP INDIGO WS 4500 roll-to-roll printing system at a feed rate of 50 ft/min (roller coating) or a HP INDIGO 7800 Series 3 system operating in 4-shot mode following standard screening procedures using HDI-175 setting (size press coating), with blanket and drum impression temperatures of 130° C. and 120° C., respectively. Adhesion testing was performed using the tape pull test specified above (Example 2), except using a different tape having comparable performance for measuring adhesion. Adhesion quality was classified subjectively by a Poor, Good, or Excellent ranking system, which roughly correspond to >20% ink removal, <20% ink removal, and <5% ink removal, respectively. In addition to the uncoated substrate, MICHEM FLEX P1852 (Michelman, Inc., extrusion coating primer), IN-LINE PRIMER 030 (Michelman, Inc., HP INDIGO electrophotographic primer), DIGIPRIME1600 (Michelman, Inc., HP INDIGO electrophotographic primer), and DIGIPRIME1500LA (Michelman, Inc., HP INDIGO electrophotographic primer) were run as controls.

Roller Coating: The formulations were applied to a paper substrate using a Comco press with a 3.25 BCM anilox roller. The substrate was pre-coated with a clay-based coating before applying the primer coating for printing. A continuous substrate feed was run through the press at a rate of 200 fpm (feet per minute), after which drying was conducted at 250° F. over a dwell time of approximately 6 seconds. Testing results are summarized in Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 Entry Sample Poor Good Excellent 135 Substrate Control X 136 MICHEM FLEX X P1852 Control 137 IN-LINE PRIMER X 030 Control 138 Formulation 2 X 139 Formulation 3 X 140 Formulation 4 X

Size Press: Size press application of the formulations was performed using a Meyer rod #4 upon a 70# paper substrate consisting of individual sheets. The primer formulation was applied directly upon the paper fibers, and no pre-coating was present. After coating, the substrates were dried at 105° C. for one minute before printing. Testing results are summarized in Table 13 below.

TABLE 13 Entry Sample Poor Good Excellent 141 Substrate Control X 142 DIGIPRIME 1600 X 143 DIGIPRIME 1500LA X 144 Formulation 12 X 145 Formulation 13 X 146 Formulation 14 X 147 Formulation 15 X 148 Formulation 16 X 149 Formulation 17 X 150 Formulation 18 X 151 Formulation 19 X

As shown in Tables 12 and 13, poor adhesion was realized to an uncoated substrate (Entries 135 and 141), whereas the controls afforded good to excellent adhesion (Entries 136, 137, 142 and 143). Good adhesion was again realized using a coating comprising an amine-functionalized copolymer and starch (Entries 144-147). Except in one instance, coatings comprising both calcium acetate and an amine-functionalized copolymer provided good to excellent inkjet printing quality (Entries 138-140 and 148-151), thus showing that the divalent metal salt (calcium acetate) does not significantly interfere with the ability of the amine-functionalized copolymer to promote ink adhesion.

All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein for purposes of all jurisdictions where such practice is allowed, including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the disclosure have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereby. For example, the compositions described herein may be free of any component, or composition not expressly recited or disclosed herein. Any method may lack any step not recited or disclosed herein. Likewise, the term “comprising” is considered synonymous with the term “including.” Whenever a method, composition, element or group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of,” “selected from the group of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the embodiments of the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the elements that it introduces.

One or more illustrative embodiments are presented herein. Not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It is understood that in the development of a physical embodiment of the present disclosure, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related and other constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time. While a developer's efforts might be time-consuming, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for one of ordinary skill in the art and having benefit of this disclosure.

Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art and having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. The embodiments illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. 

1. An aqueous primer composition comprising: a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid; and an amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.
 2. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the aqueous fluid has a pH of about 5.5 to about 7.5.
 3. The primer composition of claim 1, further comprising: a surfactant dispersed in the aqueous fluid.
 4. The primer composition of claim 3, wherein the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant, a neutral surfactant, or any combination thereof.
 5. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polyvalent metal salt is dissolved in the aqueous fluid.
 6. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polyvalent metal salt is suspended in the aqueous fluid.
 7. The primer composition of claim 1, further comprising: a starch dissolved in the aqueous fluid.
 8. The primer composition of claim 1, further comprising: an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed in the aqueous fluid.
 9. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the polyvalent metal salt comprises a divalent metal salt.
 10. The primer composition of claim 9, wherein the divalent metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal salt.
 11. The primer composition of claim 10, wherein the alkaline earth metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal carboxylate.
 12. (canceled)
 13. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer further comprises at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid.
 14. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated.
 15. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, a substituted styrene, a diene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, a vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, a nitrile, (meth)acrylonitrile, an olefinically unsaturated halide, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, a substituted (meth)acrylamide, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates, and any combination thereof.
 16. The primer composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and any combination thereof.
 17. A coated substrate comprising: a base substrate; and a primer coating disposed upon a surface of the base substrate; wherein the primer coating comprises a polyvalent metal salt and an amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer.
 18. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the base substrate comprises a polymeric substrate or a paper substrate.
 19. (canceled)
 20. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the primer coating further comprises a starch.
 21. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the primer coating further comprises a surfactant.
 22. The coated substrate of claim 21, wherein the surfactant comprises a neutral surfactant, a cationic surfactant, or any combination thereof.
 23. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the primer coating further comprises an adhesion promoter differing from the amine-functionalized copolymer.
 24. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the primer coating has a coating weight ranging from about 0.05 g/m² to about 1.5 g/m².
 25. (canceled)
 26. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the polyvalent metal salt comprises a divalent metal salt.
 27. The coated substrate of claim 26, wherein the divalent metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal salt.
 28. The coated substrate of claim 27, wherein the alkaline earth metal salt comprises an alkaline earth metal carboxylate.
 29. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer further comprises at least one monomer unit bearing a side chain carboxylic acid.
 30. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a first portion of amine groups that are protonated and a second portion of amine groups that are unprotonated.
 31. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an alkyl or cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, a substituted styrene, a diene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, a vinyl ester, vinyl acetate, a nitrile, (meth)acrylonitrile, an olefinically unsaturated halide, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxylpropyl (meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, a substituted (meth)acrylamide, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates, and any combination thereof.
 32. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and any combination thereof.
 33. (canceled)
 34. A coating process comprising: depositing a coating composition upon a base substrate, the coating composition comprising a polyvalent metal salt dispersed in an aqueous fluid and an amine-functionalized copolymer dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous fluid, the amine-functionalized copolymer having an amine number of about 10 to about 180 mg KOH/g copolymer and a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C.; wherein the amine-functionalized copolymer comprises a polymerized reaction product of: one or more first ethylenically unsaturated monomers lacking an amine group; and one or more second ethylenically unsaturated monomers bearing at least one amine group, the at least one amine group comprising a side chain of the amine-functionalized copolymer; and evaporating the aqueous fluid to leave the primer coating disposed upon the base substrate.
 35. (canceled) 